Acne: Causes, Treatment and Prevention

Acne is a common skin condition that causes emotional distress, low self-esteem, and social withdrawal. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is no exception, with many individuals seeking medical attention treatment for acne. This article explains acne causes, treatment options, and prevention strategies for protecting the skin.

 

The Anatomy of Acne

Acne occurs when the pores on the skin’s surface become clogged with dead skin cells, oil, and bacteria. 

The resulting blockage leads to inflammation, manifesting as pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, or cysts. 

The forehead, nose, and chin are the most prone areas, but acne can appear anywhere.

 

Causes of Acne

Several factors contribute to the development of acne:

1. Hormonal Fluctuations: 

Hormonal changes, particularly increases in androgen levels, play a significant role in the development of acne. 

Androgens are a type of hormone that includes testosterone and are present in both men and women. When androgen levels rise, the oil glands produce more sebum, or oil, which can lead to clogged pores and acne. 

This phenomenon is particularly prevalent during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and instances of stress.

2. Genetics: 

Genetic factors also contribute to the likelihood of developing acne. Individuals with a family history of acne have a higher chance of experiencing breakouts. 

According to research, certain genetic variants can increase an individual’s likelihood of developing acne by affecting sebum production, inflammation, and the colonization of the acne-causing bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes).

3. Stress: 

Stress can indirectly cause acne by triggering hormonal imbalances. 

During periods of high stress, the body may produce higher levels of androgens, leading to increased sebum production and acne.

Moreover, stress can exacerbate existing acne by activating the immune system, resulting in inflammation and worsening breakouts.

4. Poor Skincare Routine: 

Inadequate skin care practices can contribute to the development and worsening of acne. 

Failing to cleanse the skin regularly can cause the buildup of dirt, oil, and dead skin cells, which can clog pores and lead to breakouts. 

Exfoliating too harshly or too often can irritate the skin and exacerbate acne. 

Also, not using moisturizer may cause the skin to overproduce oil to compensate for dryness, leading to clogged pores and acne.

5. Diet: 

Certain dietary factors have been linked to the development of acne. 

Consuming dairy products, particularly skim milk, has been shown to increase the risk of acne due to the presence of hormones and bioactive molecules that can stimulate sebum production and inflammation. 

Refined carbohydrates and foods with a high glycemic index can also trigger acne by causing spikes in blood sugar levels, increasing sebum production and inflammation. 

Foods high in sugar, like sweets and desserts, have also been implicated in acne development.

6. Environmental Factors: 

External factors such as pollution, humidity, and certain chemicals can contribute to the development of acne. 

Air pollution, for example, can increase sebum production, leading to clogged pores and breakouts. 

Humidity can also exacerbate acne by creating a moist environment that promotes bacterial growth. 

Exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in cosmetics and skin care products, can irritate the skin and cause inflammation, contributing to acne.

7. Medications: 

Certain medications can cause acne as a side effect. 

These include corticosteroids, which can increase sebum production and skin cell growth; testosterone and other anabolic steroids, which can lead to hormonal imbalances and increased sebum production. 

Certain antidepressants, such as lithium and isotretinoin can also cause acne or worsen existing breakouts due to shifts in hormone levels and inflammation.

 

Treatment Options

Acne treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Mild acne can be managed with over-the-counter (OTC) products, while moderate to severe acne requires prescription medications and professional guidance.

1. Topical Treatments:

Topical treatments are creams, gels, or lotions applied directly to the skin to treat mild acne. 

Over-the-counter (OTC) products containing benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or sulfur can help:

• Unclog pores by breaking down dead skin cells and excess oil
• Reduce inflammation and prevent scarring
• Kill bacteria that cause acne

Examples of topical treatments include:

• Benzoyl peroxide (2.5% or 5%): Kills bacteria, unclogs pores, and reduces inflammation
• Salicylic acid (0.5% or 2%): Exfoliates the skin, unclogs pores, and reduces inflammation
• Sulfur: Reduces sebum production, kills bacteria, and prevents clogged pores

2. Oral Antibiotics:

Oral antibiotics are prescribed for moderate to severe acne that has not responded to topical treatments. They target bacterial infections and reduce inflammation. Examples of oral antibiotics include:

• Doxycycline is effective against P. acnes bacteria, reduces inflammation, and prevents scarring.
• Minocycline targets bacterial infections, reduces inflammation, and prevents scarring.

3. Retinoids:

• Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A that promote cell turnover, prevent clogged pores, and reduce inflammation. They are available in both topical and oral forms. Examples of retinoids include:
• Topical retinoids (tretinoin, adapalene, or isotretinoin): Prevent clogged pores, reduce inflammation, and promote cell turnover
• Oral retinoids (isotretinoin): Used for severe acne, it reduces sebum production, prevents clogged pores, and reduces inflammation

4. Hormonal Treatments:

Hormonal treatments are prescribed for acne related to hormonal imbalances. They help regulate hormone levels and reduce acne. Examples of hormonal therapies include:

• Birth control pills: Regulate hormone levels, reduce androgen hormones, and prevent acne.
• Spironolactone: Blocks androgen hormones, reduces sebum production and prevents acne.

5. Blue Light Therapy:

Blue light therapy is a non-invasive treatment that targets bacteria that cause acne. It:

• Reduces inflammation and prevents future breakouts
• Kills P. acnes bacteria that cause acne
• It can be used in combination with other treatments for enhanced results

6. Extractions:

A dermatologist or esthetician performs extractions to remove blackheads and whiteheads. They:

• Physically remove clogged pores and debris
• Prevent scarring and reduce inflammation
• It can be combined with other treatments for optimal results

7. Surgical Interventions:

Surgical interventions are reserved for severe cases of acne that have not responded to other treatments. Examples of surgical interventions include:

• Acne scar removal: Surgical procedures to remove scarring and improve skin texture
• Laser therapy: Targets specific skin concerns, such as acne scars, hyperpigmentation, or rosacea

 

Prevention Strategies

While acne can be unpredictable, there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of breakouts:

1. Maintain a Consistent Skincare Routine

Developing a consistent skincare routine is crucial in preventing acne. Here’s a breakdown of what this routine should entail:

• Cleanse your skin twice daily, once in the morning and once at night, using a gentle cleanser suitable for your skin type.
• Exfoliate regularly to remove dead skin cells and unclog pores. The frequency of exfoliation depends on your skin type, but 1-2 times a week is a good starting point.
• Moisturize your skin to keep it hydrated and prevent dryness. Use a non-comedogenic moisturizer that won’t clog pores.

2. Use Non-Comedogenic Products

Products labeled “non-comedogenic” or “oil-free” can significantly reduce the risk of clogged pores. 

These products are designed not to clog pores, making them essential to your skincare routine.

3. Keep Hands Away

Touching your face can transfer bacteria, oils, and dirt from your hands to your skin, clogging pores and causing acne. 

Make it a habit to avoid touching your face, especially during breaks or when you’re bored.

4. Stay Hydrated

Drinking plenty of water is essential for flushing toxins out of your body, including those that can cause acne. 

Aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water daily, and avoid sugary drinks that can dehydrate your skin.

5. Manage stress

Stress can trigger hormonal imbalances, leading to acne. 

To minimize acne triggers, engage in stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises. 

Take breaks, sleep enough, and practice relaxation techniques to manage stress.

6. Limit Dairy and Refined Carbohydrates

Certain dietary factors, including dairy products and refined carbohydrates, have been linked to acne. These foods can trigger inflammation and raise insulin levels, contributing to the development and worsening of acne. 

Pay attention to your body and consider limiting or eliminating these foods if you notice a correlation with acne breakouts. 

Instead, choose a well-balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains to support optimal skin health.

 

Seeking Professional Help

If you’re struggling with acne, it’s essential to consult a dermatologist or skin care professional for personalized guidance. 

The Royal Medical Center UAE offers expert acne treatment and prevention. With a team of experienced dermatologists and state-of-the-art facilities, they provide comprehensive solutions, including one-day surgery options, to help you achieve healthy, glowing skin.